单晶硅表层机械力学特性的各向异性分析

为探究挠性筋结构单晶硅材料的各向异性特性以及KOH腐蚀工艺对其力学性能的影响规律,进行纳米压痕实验,并结合原子力显微镜观察单晶硅表层3个主晶面上压痕裂纹形貌随晶向的变化规律,分析单晶硅材料表层弹性模量、硬度、断裂韧性等机械力学特性参数在(001)、(110)及(111)3个主要晶面上沿各个晶向的变化规律;分析挠性筋结构单晶硅材料(001)晶面的KOH腐蚀工艺对其材料表面机械特性的影响规律.结果表明:挠性筋单晶硅在(001)晶面上弹性模量的各向异性变化幅度明显,硬度及断裂韧性各向异性的变化幅度不大;挠性筋单晶硅在(110)晶面弹性模量和断裂韧性的各向异性变化幅度明显,硬度各向异性变化幅度不大;挠性筋单晶硅在(111)晶面硬度值、弹性模量及断裂韧性参数的变化幅度幅值均较小;确定了单晶硅表层3个晶面裂纹最易扩展的晶向方向,KOH腐蚀工艺使得单晶硅表面质量降低,腐蚀后暴露的表面微裂纹、缺陷等会使得单晶硅(001)晶面表层硬度、断裂韧性降低,从而降低了挠性筋结构的实际断裂强度.     

Orange to green switching anthraquinone-based electrochromic material

An easily accessible anthraquinone-benzodithiophene-based high bandgap polymer (PTAq) was synthesized by Stille coupling reactions in remarkably high yield (96.5%). The highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the polymer was estimated from the onset of oxidation in a cyclic voltammetry study to be −5.7 eV. PTAq showed an orange-to-green color switching with the application of a 1.0-V external potential to the polymer film, which was visible to the naked eye. The optical behavior change was also monitored using ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy and revealed a respectable 75% transmittance change when the polymer film was subjected to a 1.0-V external potential. The high color contrast observed makes PTAq one of the most promising materials for electrochromic device applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47729.     

A Complexing Agent to Enable a Wide-Temperature Range Bromine-Based Flow Battery for Stationary Energy Storage

Bromine-based flow batteries (Br-FBs) are considered one of the most promising energy storage systems due to their features of high energy density and low cost. However, they generally suffer from uncontrolled diffusion of corrosive bromine particularly at high temperatures. That is because the interaction between polybromide anions and the commonly used complexing agent (N–methyl–N–ethyl–pyrrolidinium bromide [MEP]) decreases with increasing temperatures, which causes serious self-discharge and capacity fade. Herein, a novel bromine complexing agent, 1–ethyl–2–methyl–pyridinium bromide (BCA), is introduced in Br-FBs to solve the above problems. It is proven that BCA can combine with polybromide anions very well even at a high temperature of 60 °C. Moreover, the BCA contributes to decreasing the electrochemical polarization of Br⁻/Br₂ couple, which in turn improves their power density. As a result, a zinc–bromine flow battery with BCA as the complexing agent can achieve a high energy efficiency of 84% at 40 mA cm⁻², even at high temperature of 60 °C and it can stably run for more than 400 cycles without obvious performance decay. This paper provides an effective complexing agent to enable a wide temperature range Br-FB.     

Effect of sintering conditions on structural and morphological properties of Y- and Co-doped BaZrO3 proton conductors

BaZrO₃-based materials doped with a trivalent cation have excellent chemical stability and relatively high proton conductivity which makes them potential proton conducting oxide materials for various electrochemical device applications such as hydrogen processing, high-temperature electrolysis, and solid electrolyte in fuel cells. However, BaZrO₃ showed poor sinterability, requiring high sintering temperatures (1700–2100 °C) with longtime sintering (20–100 h) to achieve the desired microstructure and grain growth. This sintering problem can be solved by slightly doping BaZrO₃ with a sintering aid element. Therefore, in this study, two different zirconate proton conductors: BaZr_0·9Y_0·1O_3-α (BZY) and BaZr_0·955Y_0·03Co_0·015O_3-α (BZYC) were sintered in an air atmosphere and an oxygen atmosphere for 20 h in the temperature range of 1500–1640 °C. The sinterability was evaluated by analyzing the XRD diffraction patterns, lattice constant, lattice strain, crystallite size, relative density, open porosity, closed porosity, surface morphology, grain size, and grain boundary distribution, using the XRD, SEM, EDX, and Archimedes density measurement methods. It is concluded that in an oxygen atmosphere, sintering aid Co not only improves the relative density but also produces highly dense fine particles with clear grain boundaries which are promising for electrochemical hydrogen device applications.     

Influence of thermal runaway in styrene–acrylonitrile bulk copolymerization revealed by computational fluid dynamics modeling

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and kinetic-based moment methods coupled approach is adopted to simulate the bulk copolymerization of styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) in a stirred tank reactor. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the impacts of impeller speed, monomer ratio, initiator ratio, and initial reaction temperature on the copolymerization process and product properties. Particularly, the Chaos theory is selected as a criterion for evaluating the occurrence of the thermal runaway. The Flory's and Stockmayer's distributions are employed to calculate chain length distribution and copolymer composition distribution of copolymer. The simulation results highlight that the appearance of thermal runaway can be postponed by properly increasing the rotation speed, decreasing the initiator loadings, initial acrylonitrile contents and initial reactor temperature. Furthermore, significant differences exist in the product properties that predicted by the ideal and non-ideal models, which demonstrates that the temperature heterogeneity plays a crucial role in SAN copolymerization. This study could offer references for the safe operation and design of polymerization processes.     

The influence of volume fraction of amorphous phase on corrosion resistance of Mg67Zn 29Ca 4 alloy

The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and corrosion resistance of amorphous, amorphous‐crystalline, and crystalline Mg₆₇Zn₂₉Ca₄ alloy for biodegradable applications. This paper presents a preparation method and results of the structural characterization and corrosion resistance analysis of the material. Samples were prepared in the form of 3 mm diameter rods. The structure of the alloy was examined with the use of X‐ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal properties of the samples were examined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results of DSC analysis were used to determine heat treatment temperatures, allowing to obtain different fractures of crystalline phase in the material. Corrosion resistance of heat‐treated samples was investigated by immersion tests and electrochemical measurements performed in the simulated body fluid. The X‐ray diffraction results confirmed that the prepared Mg₆₇Zn₂₉Ca₄ alloy's structure is fully amorphous. After heat treatment, samples with different fractions of amorphous phase in the structure were obtained. Immersion tests of the samples showed that the structure significantly influenced corrosion resistance in examined materials. It should be pointed out, that certain amounts of crystalline phase in amorphous matrix can greatly improve the corrosion resistance of Mg₆₇Zn₂₉Ca₄ alloy.     

Ultrathin Dual‐Scale Nano‐ and Microporous Membranes for Vascular Transmigration Models

Selective cellular transmigration across the microvascular endothelium regulates innate and adaptive immune responses, stem cell localization, and cancer cell metastasis. Integration of traditional microporous membranes into microfluidic vascular models permits the rapid assay of transmigration events but suffers from poor reproduction of the cell permeable basement membrane. Current microporous membranes in these systems have large nonporous regions between micropores that inhibit cell communication and nutrient exchange on the basolateral surface reducing their physiological relevance. Here, the use of 100 nm thick continuously nanoporous silicon nitride membranes as a base substrate for lithographic fabrication of 3 µm pores is presented, resulting in a highly porous (≈30%), dual‐scale nano‐ and microporous membrane for use in an improved vascular transmigration model. Ultrathin membranes are patterned using a precision laser writer for cost‐effective, rapid micropore design iterations. The optically transparent dual‐scale membranes enable complete observation of leukocyte egress across a variety of pore densities. A maximal density of ≈14 micropores per cell is discovered beyond which cell–substrate interactions are compromised giving rise to endothelial cell losses under flow. Addition of a subluminal extracellular matrix rescues cell adhesion, allowing for the creation of shear‐primed endothelial barrier models on nearly 30% continuously porous substrates.     

304不锈钢不同精炼渣碱度下夹杂物的演变

 为了提高304不锈钢的产品质量，结合生产实际，利用热力学计算和扫描电镜能谱分析方法, 研究了硅脱氧条件下，LF精炼渣碱度对304不锈钢在LF精炼、连铸过程夹杂物变化规律的影响。试验结果表明,随着冶炼过程进行，全氧质量分数和夹杂物数量依次减小。304不锈钢采用1.75高碱度炉渣，可以得到较低的全氧质量分数和夹杂物数量，但是夹杂物中Al2O3质量分数高，夹杂物熔点高。采用1.53低碱度炉渣，钢液中全氧质量分数较采用高碱度炉渣高，但是夹杂物中CaO、Al2O3质量分数相对较低，SiO2和MnO质量分数较高，夹杂物熔点低。针对304不锈钢产品可以采用不同的生产工艺路线来满足产品的不同需求。     

Direct coagulation casting of silicon carbide suspension via polyelectrolyte dispersant crosslink reaction

A direct coagulation casting method for silicon carbide ceramic suspension using dispersant crosslink reaction is reported. Polymer electrolyte (polyethyleneimine, PEI) was used as dispersant to prepare silicon carbide suspension. Common food additives (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) were used to coagulate the electrosteric stabilized silicon carbide suspension. There was a well disperse silicon carbide suspension with 0.2 wt% PEI at pH = 5-6. Influence of coagulant on viscosity and zeta potential of the silicon carbide suspension was investigated. It indicates that the high solid loading silicon carbide suspension can be destabilized and coagulated at elevated temperature. It can be attribute to the gradual decrease of electrosteric force due to the crosslink reaction between PEI and CMC. Silicon carbide wet green body with compressive strength of 1.99 MPa could be demolded at 70°C which is higher than that prepared by traditional DCC and dispersant reaction method for nonoxide ceramics. Dense silicon carbide ceramics with relative density above 98.8% and 99.3% had been prepared by liquid phase pressureless and hot pressed sintering, respectively.